It has been clarified in the introductory paragraphs that recommended Ghusls are not prescribed to remove major or minor ritual impurity but are intended to better prepare individuals for certain acts of worship. Examples include ghusl for wearing the iḥrām (1) or entering sacred places like Mecca or Medina, and for specific times such as Fridays and the nights of Qadr in the holy month of Ramaḍān. Notably, recommended Ghusls that are proved to be mustaḥab can suffice for wuḍū, and if someone has a major impurity, he can rely on the recommended ghusl for acts requiring purification without needing another ghusl.
3. Tayammum
Issue 49: Tayammum as a substitute for ghusl or wuḍū is valid in seven cases:
1. When the person does not have enough water for wuḍū or ghusl.
2. When water is available but the person cannot reach it, either because he is unable to (due to age, paralysis, etc.) or accessing it would involve committing a forbidden act (such as using water from a usurped container).
3. When the person fears that using the available water for wuḍū or ghusl would result in himself or someone dependent on him becoming thirsty if the water is insufficient for both drinking and purification.
4. When time is short, making it impossible to perform wuḍū or ghusl and still pray within the prescribed time.
5. When obtaining or using water for wuḍū or ghusl would cause excessive hardship that is generally unbearable.
6. When using water for wuḍū or ghusl would conflict with another obligatory act of equal or greater importance (e.g., if the body or clothes are impure and there is only enough water for one act, the water should be used to purify the body or clothes and tayammum should be performed instead of wuḍū or ghusl).
7. When using water for wuḍū or ghusl would cause harm, such as worsening a disease or causing an illness, or making an illness difficult to heal.
Issue 50: Tayammum can be performed on anything considered "earth," such as soil, sand, and stones, provided some of it sticks to the hands. Tayammum on a smooth stone without dust on it is not valid as a measure of obligatory precaution.
Issue 51: The procedure for tayammum involves:
1. Striking or placing both palms on the ground simultaneously.
2. Wiping the forehead, and the obligatory precaution is that it should include the sides of the forehead with both palms covering from the hairline to the eyebrows and the upper part of the nose.
3. Wiping the entire back of the right hand with the left palm, from the wrist to the fingertips.
4. Wiping the entire back of the left hand with the right palm, from the wrist to the fingertips.
Issue 52: Conditions for tayammum are:
1. The person must be excused from performing wuḍū or ghusl as detailed in Issue 49.
2. Tayammum must be performed with the intention of obeying Allah.
3. The substance used for tayammum must be pure, permissible, and not mixed with anything that invalidates tayammum (e.g., wood shavings).
4. Wiping the parts of tayammum should be done from top to bottom based on obligatory precaution.
5. The person should not perform tayammum unless he despairs of his excuse being resolved before the prayer time ends if tayammum is for a fixed-time obligation like prayer.
6. If possible, the person must perform tayammum himself.
7. The actions of tayammum should be performed consecutively, without interruption.
8. There should be no barrier between the wiping part (palms) and the wiped parts (forehead and back of hands).
9. The forehead should be wiped before the right hand, and the right hand before the left hand.
Issue 53: If a person performs prayer with tayammum due to an excuse and the excuse is resolved before or after the prayer time ends, it is not necessary to repeat the prayer.
Issue 54: If a person who has performed tayammum instead of ghusl due to an excuse experiences a minor ritual impurity (ḥadth aṣghar), the tayammum that replaced ghusl remains valid. In this case, the person should perform wuḍū if possible; otherwise, he should perform tayammum instead of wuḍū.