Issue 116: One of the obligatory prayers is the Prayer of Signs (Ṣalāt al-Ᾱyāt), which becomes obligatory during a solar eclipse (kusūf) or lunar eclipse (khusūf). It also becomes obligatory, as an obligatory precaution, during an earthquake. The time for Ṣalāt al-Ᾱyāt during a solar or lunar eclipse is from the beginning of the eclipse until the sun or moon returns to its normal state. For earthquakes, the prayer should be performed without delay.
Issue 117: Ṣalāt al-Ᾱyāt consists of two rakʿahs (units of prayer), and each rakʿah has five rukūʿs. To perform this prayer, after the initial takbīr and reciting Sūrah al-Ḥamd, the worshipper should choose another sūrah, such as Sūrah al-Ikhlāṣ, and divide it into five parts. The obligatory precaution is not to recite "Bismillah…" alone as one part. Thus, the worshipper should recite the first section (e.g., "Bismillāhir-raḥmānir-raḥīm. Qul huwa Allāhu aḥad") and then perform rukūʿ. After rising from rukūʿ, the second part (e.g., "Allāhu ṣamad") is recited, followed by another rukūʿ. This process continues with the third part "lam yalid", the fourth part "wa lam yūlad", and the fifth part "wa lam yakun lahu kufuwan aḥad", each followed by a rukūʿ. After the fifth rukūʿ, the worshipper performs two prostrations, stands up, and performs the second rakʿah in the same manner. The prayer concludes with the tashahhud (testimony of faith) and salām (greetings) as in regular daily prayers.
Issue 118: If someone is aware of a solar or lunar eclipse and deliberately or out of forgetfulness does not perform the Prayer of Signs (Ṣalāt al-Ᾱyāt) until the time passes, it is obligatory to make it up. However, if he was unaware of the eclipse until the time passed, qaḍā is obligatory only if the eclipse was total (the entire disk of the sun or moon was obscured). If the eclipse was not total, qaḍā is not obligatory.